DETERIORATION OF THE AFRICAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

With


Abstract
With regards to urban advancement in African nations, many reasons or troublesome difficulties have confronted African nations in the course of recent decades: the debasement of people in general, urban debacles and reproduction methodologies, insufficiencies in framework and fundamental administrations, expanding urban-rustic lopsidedness, destitution, expanding ruralization of urban communities and informalization of the economy, developing wellbeing and natural emergency.As urbanization is expanding in many nations of the locale, the issue of deficient framework administrations and the debasement of the urban condition are gigantic.Subsequently, the general point of this review is to clarify why, how and to what degree do a few causes assume an imperative part in affecting the urban advancement in Africa.This review utilized descriptive deductive approach in undertaking the research.Governmental reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review.Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses.The discoveries of the review demonstrate that the political, economic and social challenges have added to decay of urban improvement in Africa.This review gives data and recommendation on how economical urban improvement in Africa can fill in as an empowering influence in achieving the coveted auxiliary change, expanded prosperity and peaceful co-existence.

Introduction
Africa is one of the quickest urbanizing locales; Africa's urbanization develops at the rate of 3.5 percent for every annum, Africa's urbanization is one of the most elevated on the planet, 39 for every cent of the populace (300 million individuals) live in urban ranges.By 2030 around 54 percent of the populace (1.4 million) are relied upon to be urban/town inhabitants.States of the African continent one of the unpaid debts States contrasted with the worldwide urbanization, these nations right now is still prevalently provincial.They confront a significantly more perplexing than the procedure of urbanization and the move from officially urbanized territories of North America, Europe and Latin America, on the grounds that the move is not unavoidable in African and Asian urban areas will be considerably quicker, with less assembling, and will now incorporate larger numbers of individuals.
Urban development, which represents to the allencompassing advancement of urban zones, is an impression of the general making of monetary open doors and social advancement.The economic growth of the nation is progressively subject to the urban territories and their capacity to pull in investments, increment efficiency and keep on providing the concentration for administration segment action.The quick growth experienced by African nations has brought about difficulties negatively affected the urban condition in the different political, economic, social and social.

Research Objectives
The study aims to accomplish the following: 1.To recognize the concept of urban development and its objectives and dimensions in the African continent.2. To analyze the key challenges that went with the urban advancement in Africa, and which influenced its execution.3. To suggest a key solutions and strategies for the progression of urban development in Africa.

Hypothesis of the Study
The hypothesis of the research has been summarized as below:?????????? Did issues such as the absence of strong an institutional arrangement and system to oversee urban development in many African countries, dilemma of corruption in the public sector, urban disasters and reconstruction strategies, defects in infrastructure and basic services, increasing urban-rural sharp disparities, urbanization of poverty, increasing

Research Methodology
The research was adopted the analytical approach to reach the objective conclusions and scientific approach, In addition, the analytical approach plays an effective role in analyzing the necessary information and facts related to the challenges that led to the decline of urban development in Africa in order to serving the problem of study and verification goals.

Idea of the Urban Development
The power of the United Nations (UN) play animated part in spreading the idea of urban development on the worldwide level.This has begun since 1951, when it worked on the study of social centers and the relationship between the community and the national community.It has focused on rural communities, where it was viewed as a procedure that spotlight on the collaboration of the populace with the administration's endeavors to organize amongst farming and health.However, the report on the social conditions of the world population in 1957 focused on the requirement of thinking in urban communities.Thus, drawing attention to urban communities in the UN was one of the entries of the British colonial office in 1958 and the possibility of using community development in urban communities.This was because of the growing interest in city growth developing countries and the nature of change in the city's payment in terms of increasing population density and engaging in nonfarm.Urban areas also gives different projects of monetary, technological and social departments", "for example, training, wellbeing, transport and the point of updating the level of human progress, social, and monetary incorporation of urban in reverse in the national life, including having the capacity to contribute however much as could reasonably be expected in urban advancement (1) .
In the middle of the twentieth century, a concept of urban development.In 1969, Scott, in his search of urban problems, wrote to ensure the physiological and social needs of cities and interests in different neighborhoods, and then appeared the work of other programs related to urban renewal and model cities programs which is reflected in the movement planning towns and villages in Britain.In 1947 and in 1968 a sort of development concerned with the movement of the housing, and so on associated with urban development planning process is to develop and the means and goals linked to the pattern of land us (2) .
Urban development is the process of development of rural communities to urban communities as well as to indicate the emergence of urban communities and growth.The urban development increased the population density by more than the 2000 people per kilogram square meters, and the large size of the city, including increased from 10000 people and the functioning of individuals in the production and distribution technologies, professions and the rule of commercial, industrial, services, also, the presence of a high level of division of labor and social unpredictability, and organization of social interaction (3) .

Urban Development Goals
"Any vision needs clear improvement objectives which can be measured"."Keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish the vision for future and conquer the present wasteful aspects of our urban settlements, the accompanying objectives must be enthusiastically sought after": 1.To make more proficient and beneficial cities and towns through the development and improvement of neighborhood economies"; 2. To minimizing disparities by providing infrastructure and facilities for impoverished communities"; 3. To give access to better lodging and shelter and more prominent security of residency for urban occupants"; 4. To dealing spatial wasteful aspects which leading to long distances and travel times adversely affecting access to employment and other opportunities by promoting urban intensification in conjunction with more efficient open transport"; 5. To enhance the general nature of the urban condition by better incorporating ecological worries being developed arranging and urban administration"; 6.To Change municipalities into effective and responsible institutions through building-limit programs that also promote dynamic connectivity of the common community with municipalities (4) .

The Urban Challenges in Africa
In the same way as other different locales on the planet, Africa is gone up against the test of fast urbanization with regards to financial stagnation, poor administration, "and fragile public institutions.In the 2020 year, Statistics is assessed that roughly 55% of Africans live in urban communities (5) .
This fast urban improvement has conveyed an extensive variety of issues, including a burgeoning informal sector, unemployment and underemployment, overcrowding, corruption, retro gradation of infrastructure and service delivery capacity, and an intense lodging deficiency"."The fast development in urban populace has happened without the required extension in essential administrations and gainful business openings"."The issue is intensified by feeble urban government structures with extremely restricted ability to fortify financial development, activate resources and give the most essential services (6) .
In spite of these disturbing patterns, there is a diligent inclination by development organizers to concentrate exclusively on provincial neediness. (7).

" Strategy creators have had a tendency to liken urban existence with a little gathering of national elites who oversee the nation"." "In his 1977 powerful book, "Why The Poor People Stay Poor": Urban Bias in World Development, Michael Lipton contended that to put resources into urban ranges is to undermine rural development, the pillar of many developing nations". This argument has formed the counter urban predisposition in African advancement "systems, which continues today". The outcome has been a disregard of the specific issues of the dominant part of urban inhabitants, particularly the poor who live in squatter settlements or slums
The anti-urban bias conflicts with the common view that considers urbanization to be a dynamic procedure and as one of the key strengths fundamental mechanical advancement, economic development and socio-political change." 254 Urbanization has been found to impacts affect mortality, fertility and other statistical patterns"."The present resurgence of enthusiasm for and thoughtfulness regarding urban administration, and the view that urban communities are the motors of national economic development and advancement when all is said in done, is to some degree, in light of this expert urban viewpoint"."This is especially genuine today in knowledge-intensive globalizing economy where urban areas have assumed a focal part as agents of advancement dissemination and socio-economic change".

Since beginnings of 1980, large African countries have been forced to undertake market-oriented financial and institutional reforms under the umbrella of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank"." The public provision of basic services-the sign of the create mentalist hypotheses of the 1950-1970s has especially been focused for major rebuilding, aligning it with a market situated approach.
On the pretext of expanding proficiency and decreasing cost, such reforms were utilized to destroy the notable build of the state as a developer (8) .globalization, however, are additionally strengthened by globalization procedures of the post-1980s"."Expanded rivalry among urban areas to draw in capital and organizations for producing business and wellsprings of duty incomes has prompted enlarging disparities amongst urban communities and social gatherings inside urban communities (9) .These inequalities appear in the following ways": (10) ." In numerous urban communities, current by-laws limit a large group of economic activities on the grounds that the activities are viewed as conventional, etc. Residency laws and zoning regulations -

Weakness of Governance and Municipal Institutions In spite of the developing economic significance of the urban areas in national development, the arrangement and institutional system for overseeing urban development in numerous African nations stays powerless or inhospitable." "In addition to the continued inappropriate macroeconomic strategies at the national level, focal government control of national development strategy has paid little attention to basic duties of local government establishments, for example, operation and upkeep of infrastructure, and the establishment of motivating force and empowering lawful condition for economic actors to operate. The issue of central control has been aggravated by powerless capacity in municipalities to arrange and oversee urban development economically." What go for arranging at the municipal level are simple types of land-utilize, zoning, and authorizing controls, exclusively concerned with limitations and regulations, rather than empowering and enabling neighborhood groups
Inherited from the colonial administration prohibit certain types of accommodation and commercial activities (11) .
These legitimate and administrative environments hamper the efficiency and productivity of poor urban occupants.Therefore, the tremendous economic capability of African urban communities stays untapped.
Despite the way that formal metropolitan controls attempt to prohibit these activities, through the collective action, the failures in worldwide rebuilding endeavor to revise the guidelines administering urban political economy to support them.

Dilemma of Corruption in the Public Sector
Corruption stays the major challenge in Africa and is the main cause for under -development in Africa, According to the announcements of government officials in Kenya, Africa is as yet attempting to meet its advancement targets"."An expected 1.5 billion individual's stay without safe drinking water and around 2.5 billion have no access to satisfactory sanitation.Very nearly 1 billion individuals, the vast majority of them in developing nations, live in slums, with constrained sanitation"."This figure anticipated that would twofold throughout the following 30 years (12) .
Africa keeps on stagnating in realization of its development objectives which painting a photo that is a long way from empowering.In Africa, the water, sanitation and human settlements remain slowest on the planet's poorest locale."Urban administration in Africa has increasingly become a major challenge due to endemic corruption and the limited resources with reliance to donor support".Numerous nations don't have the resource capacity.Amid the most recent 20 years African economic development rates were low, bringing about financial constraints and competition for ever-declining public resources.Accordingly, budgetary distributions to social administrations, for example, wellbeing, instruction, water supply and sanitation endured."To make matters worse, donor support for the sector has quickly declined.Africa must address corruption as an initial step; African ministers consented to set up national teams to get ready nation plans detailing annual service-delivery targets for accomplishing the Millennium objectives".In any case, while most governments still take cover behind the reason of absence of cash.The genuine issue is: the means by which the cash is being spent, Mr. Soita Standa, Minister for Housing for Kenya, says that pandemic corruption in public sector is costing governments billions to the detriment of actualizing the agenda of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (13) .

Urban Disasters and Reconstruction Strategies
The expanding event of regular and human-caused disasters causing broad death toll, harm to property and damage to the environment is turning back the improvement  (14) .
The most recent decade has seen an essentially change in the character of violence work in West Africa"."Savagery has moved far from the substantive scale to confront situations and intrastate wars that depicted the postcolonial and post-Cold War periods towards an expansion in low-level rebellions and political brutality by non-state performing actors (Table 1)."The nations of the Mano River Basin conflict framework Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leoneeffectively risen up out of contention and keep on demonstrating versatility..

The number and nature of armed clashes has changed fundamentally lately." The present clashes are for the most part battled inside State limits, though past wars occurred across them." Wars are never again battled just on front lines between proficient armed forces; rather, they are regularly pursued in urban communities and towns by amateur militias, are driven by long-simmering ethnic and religious contrasts and are fuelled by battles for political and economic control." Therefore, more than 90 per cent of the casualties of the present wars are regular citizens and, of those, ladies and kids prevail." Exactly 20 million displaced people need security and help now. "Another 25 million individuals are as of now displaced inside their own nations because of violence and human rights violations
In Africa, civil wars and natural catastrophic, for example, dry season and flooding have added to the expansion in the urban populace on the grounds that urban zones have moved toward becoming refuges for populaces ‫القانونية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫مجلة‬ ‫والسياسية‬ ‫ا‬ ‫السا‬ ‫ملجلد‬ ‫بع‬ -‫ال‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫ثاني‬ / 8102 260 driven out of their homes by battling.Refugee camps, which are situated close towns for ease of access to emergency assistance, have turned out to be perpetual elements in the towns of the Great Lakes District, in Central Africa and in a few West African nations.

The current circumstance in Darfur in Western Sudan is a valid example." The UN-Living space Provincial Office for Africa and the Calamity Administration program have incredibly helped Governments in numerous nations in Africa to adapt to post-struggle circumstances and catastrophes; those nations incorporate Angola, Burundi, Majority rule
Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ghana, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Sudan.
In the most recent decade, around the globe, more than 200 million individuals were influenced each year by natural disasters, seven times more than those influenced by strife."Regular perils progress toward becoming disasters when they effect on individuals and resources that are excessively powerless, making it impossible to their ruinous impacts."No place is this more significant than on the planet's urban areas, towns and cities." Variables, for example, unseemly land utilize, inadequately planned and developed structures and infrastructure, and furthermore an inexorably debased condition, put human settlements at risk.In spite of the fact that those risks exist in both developed and developing nations, they frequently affect even more seriously and more than once in developing nations, where the institutional limit is least, leaving expansive populaces of the poorest tenants constantly helpless.

Defects in Infrastructure and Basic Services
As African urban areas kept on developing in estimate, their declining economic circumstance has prompted serious weakening in the supply of basic infrastructure and urban administrations."The breakdown out in the public transport service, road maintenance, refuse collection, electric and water connections, drainage clean up, has thus influenced urban efficiency and also the prosperity of urban occupants."The resources essential for streets, sewers, water systems, schools and clinics cannot stay aware of the requirements of the developing urban populace.This has spread existing services and infrastructure significantly more meagerly (17) . The

most obvious sign of the urban emergency in Africa is the absence of access to fundamental water and sanitation of by poor people. In spite of the significance of water and sanitation in the battle against neediness, in any case, African governments have considered the need to define proper structure to control the water and sanitation area and to quicken interest keeping in mind the end goal to accelerate investment adequately and productively. "Minimal effort water and sanitation get just between 1% (sub-Saharan
Africa) to 3% (Latin America and the Caribbean) of government spending plans (18) ."Water and sanitation spending plans, which regularly fall under environment ministry, struggle for assignments, particularly where fundamental social services as health and education are prioritized"."What little investment there is, the extent of scope and the productivity of the delivery mechanism have been far underneath than is sufficient (19) .
Notwithstanding the urban water supply issue, arrangement of sufficient sanitation is maybe the most basic issue in numerous African urban communities.For instance, finished portion of the family units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia had neither private nor shared toilet facilities in 1997, bringing about an aimless utilization of channels, open spaces and conduits where individuals likewise wash, another 25 percent share pit toilets with different families (20) . (21)."Without a doubt, higher expenses to and service cut-offs of people unfit to pay higher rates have been more typical."The accentuation on cost recuperation has delivered a circumstance whereby the individuals who are excessively poor, making it impossible to pay are denied fundamental services."Moreover, privatized imposing business models are hesitant to apply cross-appropriations to address the issues of those occupants who can't pay full cost for water supply (22) ."Therefore, the urban poor are overexposed to natural dangers and life undermining infections related with deficient water provision: loose bowels, cholera and other water-borne maladies.

Increasing Urban-Rural Sharp Disparities
Africa has witnessed sharp disparities between the urban and rural areas."The rural areas are marginalized from the mainstream of national development.Many factors such as low level of agricultural production, absence of uncultivated employment opportunities, and the lack of urbanization of small and medium-sized urban areas contributed effectively on promoting communication between country and real urban areas."The contrasts at the availability of services level generally confirm the rural departure to the major urban communities (23) ."It is assessed that, by the year 2020, more than 55 percent of Africans will be living in urban communities (24) .""Whenmigrants reach the city, in any case, they confront against a portion of similar states of low profitability, joblessness, and poor pay that they experienced in country regions, now intensified by congestion, contamination, and other urban troubles.
The most urban-rural sharp variations can be found in the essential services.Access to essential services, infrastructure, health and education are unevenly disseminated between capital urban areas and their rural hinterlands."For instance, in 2002, 55 percent of urban occupants approached sanitation contrasted with 25 percent of rustic Africans."For drinking water, 39% of urban family unit have water association contrasted with 4 % of family unit in rural areas (25) .
A striking contrast between middle salary Asia (especially the NICs) and Africa is that the motor of agricultural production -the backbone of African economiesis just not adequately powered to build development and work.Other than unnecessary lease chasing, post free pandemic is most elevated in slum."The most diligent poverty and vastest income holes stay in sub-Saharan Africa.Given current patterns, it is the world's just area where the quantity of individuals living in extraordinary poverty will increment in the vicinity of 1990 and 2015.In total terms, that expanding is evaluated at 100 million individuals or more.Kid and maternal death rates will remain to a great degree high, and the spread of pestilence sicknesses will keep on undermining development endeavors (29) .Poverty in African urban areas is portrayed by, in addition to other things, the accompanying elements": 1.Large and developing overabundances in essential service conveyance to urban occupants, with request exceeding both institutional capacities and financial resources; 2. Expanded the weakness to health medical issues, natural disasters and cataclysmic events; the poor settle on perilous and generally unbuildable territory, on riverbanks, soak slopes, flood-prone sites and dumps; 3. Worsening access to satisfactory safe house and secure types of residency, bringing about expanding congestion and vagrancy; 4. Increasing intra-city imbalance and stark residential segregation into socio-economic strata; 5. Growing violence, excessively influencing ladies and poor people; 6. Increasing disparity in the support participation of local groups in decision-making processes and executing activities; 7. Increasing numbers of individuals in helpless gatherings; 8. Inequality and inequity between the Gender; beneath, both urban and rustic populaces will keep on increasing in the coming years in Africa.On the off chance that the development rates of the late 1990s hold on, by 2025 city inhabitants will dwarf those living in rustic territories and the continent's urban populace will practically treble in estimate (30) .Indeed, even in spite of the fact that endeavors to extend essential services to urban ghetto zones have been started in some African urban communities, changes have not kept pace with the quickly expanding urban populace."There is no confirmation that that example will change, and a large portion of the sub-Saharan populace will keep on living with insufficient water, sanitation and cleanliness facilities, which is a major appearance of destitution.In 2001, 40 nations out of 51 in the subregion had the greater part their urban populace living in slums, likewise known locally, among

Increasing Ruralization of Cities and Informalization of the Economy
As African urban areas keep on growing both spatially and demographically under states of financial stagnation and institutional fall.They go up against a greater amount of the characteristics of their rustic hinterlands: expanding significance of urban agribusiness by defying prohibitive land-utilize controls-preparing for more assorted utilization of urban space; the unconstrained development of illicit settlements and petty commodity production; and the upkeep of provincial economic links and local and social identities with respect to urban migrants (31) .Urban farming is practiced widely in numerous African urban areas, with the result that the economic and social contrasts amongst city and rustic ranges have turned out to be obscured (32) ."Remittances are vital parts of numerous rural economies and family survival instruments, giving a basic wellspring of capital.Declining urban incomes and increments in destitution are starting to significantly affect such streams and on rural change (33) .
The urban informal area has turned into an intense drive for work creation, in practically all African urban communities."Albeit reliable statistics are difficult to find, the extent of the urban work constrain utilized in the informal area has expanded drastically since the economic crisis of the 1980s."The urban poor are arranging themselves to meet ‫القانونية‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫مجلة‬ ‫والسياسية‬ ‫ا‬ ‫السا‬ ‫ملجلد‬ ‫بع‬ -‫ال‬ ‫العدد‬ ‫ثاني‬ / 8102 268 their haven needs, assemble funds to construct streets, centers, and their own particular turning credit systems to start up a whole range of businesses.

Growing Health and Environmental Crisis
In most African nations, the urban poor are over presented to ecological hazard and life debilitating ailments that are preventable"."Existing natural foundation is woefully insufficient of giving clean drinking water or cleanly treating family unit fluid and solid wastes, substantially less limiting or treating dangerous and poisonous industrial waste."Low income regions not overhauled by get to streets frequently flounder in pools of open sewage, piles of stinking trash since trucks can't arrive and waste channels barely exist (34) .
Notwithstanding poor water and sanitation services, every day fluid waste (counting harmful substance and industrial waste) is discarded utilizing lacking nearby techniques."Airborne particulate readings in the developing world are regularly ten times higher than peak levels reasonable in the United States."This circumstance threatens the health and efficiency of the urban poor, particularly ladies and children (35) .
The resources that districts need to give least adequate levels of fundamental services, keep up water supply systems and existing fleet of waste vehicles are seriously restricted.This can be especially extreme when duty regarding water and sanitation service conveyance is decentralized to local administration without the relating devolution of financial authority."For example, just 22 percent of the strong waste in "Dar Al-Salaam" was gathered in 1988 because of the absence of deny trucks (36) .In the end of 1980s, the municipality of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia had upwards of 40% of the armada of dump trucks being dormant at any given time for absence of extra parts."It is hard to envision how huge advance can be made for large portions of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) without first guaranteeing that poor family units have a protected, dependable water supply and satisfactory sanitation offices.This will require endeavors from many actors."A significant part of the workload lays on governments at local and national levels.Be that as it may, they are not the only one performing."The private sector, external donors, and civil society, will have parts to play.These actors need to discover new resources and enhanced methods for cooperating (37) .

Diminishing Municipal Revenue Base
In the same way as other US urban areas, urban territories in Africa endure serious financial misery.This ended up noticeably evident in the 1980s, described as the "time of change.Contracting incomes were coordinated by expanding responsibilities.Step by step instructions to pay for new foundation venture, give reasonable administrations without monetary trouble, recoup costs, and enhance authoritative productivity are all overwhelming however not outlandish difficulties.

The financial emergency of African urban communities is exacerbated by inability to illuminate the focal governmentneighborhood government jurisdictional issue." Central governments have tended to establish and keep up huge money related, lawful and administrative controls, pretty much ruling out development by nearby specialists."
Municipalities need powers required for successful political and monetary basic leadership, especially in such basic territories as investment in urban infrastructure, service delivery, income generation, and advancing urban financial advancement.Where central governments don't enable municipal authorities to tax or borrow, but then consider them in charge of arrangement of administrations, no conveyance is the final product.""Absence of metropolitan independence anticipates neighborhood experts to take advantage of Foreign Direct Investment in the Water and Sanitation sector.""While there has been a checked increment in the level of Foreign Direct Investment in the water and sanitation part finished the previous two decades, it is unevenly appropriated."Silva et al. demonstrate that, between 1990 -1997, $24.9 billion was put by the private part in 97 water and sewerage extends in creating nations: East Asia ($11.9 billion); Europe and Central Asia ($1.5 billion); Latin America ($8.2 billion); and Middle East ($3.2 billion).By differentiate; Sub-Saharan Africa got a negligible $37 million including 8 ventures (38) .""Engaging nearby experts to run their own issues can help open FDI in the water and sanitation sector.
At last, the financing gap in the section of water and sanitation is further hampered by the enormous commitment of many African countries to the heavy debt burdens."The proceeding with outpouring of needed resources in the form of debt service payment undermines the limit of national nations to adapt to the serious health effect of cholera, diahorrea and other communicable sicknesses that so common in swarmed urban focuses and slums."Fullcancelation of poor nation's obligation could create extra

Conclusion
The urban environment in Africa Remains today is facing intense pressure, because of a very rapid rate of urbanization over the past ten years.Based on, this very high rate of urbanization, unmistakably that provision of adequate public services and infrastructure services represents a noteworthy test in urban territories.This is increasingly challenging given the large number of people without fully from the services or who do not receive adequate services and the increasing pressure on the fragile environment from urbanization.One of the other major challenges in Africa in the very high percentage of informal housing, which amounts to 20-40 per cent in some parts of the region, which creates social pressures associated with failing to provide economic opportunities for lower income groups.
A prominent feature of urban populace growth in the twentieth century and it will be composed, to a vast degree, of poor individuals.These destitute individuals are frequently not secured by urban planning; confront to-urban migrants are rejected or just disregarded in the expectation of stopping further migration is the expectation of the vain.
Tremendous urban extension in developing nations has worldwide ramifications and requires a worldwide reaction.Urbanization is unavoidable.Prepare is in movement and we should be mindful so as to move together on the correct way.There are several solutions and strategy for the advancement of urban development in Africa:

Table 1 : The most prominent conflicts in West Africa Name of conflict Country Years Nature of conflict Estimated fatalities
that can be coordinated toward enhancing water and sanitation delivery in the urban territories of Africa. assets